Treatment of Brain Tumors and Age-Dependent Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Nano Medicine: Advantages and Limits

Abstract

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), cancers' high invasiveness and variability, the lack of access of tissues for early diagnosis and efficient surgery, and anti-cancer medication resistance all provide challenges to the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies, especially brain tumours. These challenges can be overcome by developing novel and effective therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapy, gene therapy and targeted drug delivery systems. Additionally, better diagnostic tools and improved surgery techniques need to be developed to increase the effectiveness of treating CNS malignancies. Nanomedicinebased treatments have the potential to sustain bio-distribution and accumulation of therapeutic agents at the appropriate target location while facilitating drug penetration across the BBB. This would enable more precise delivery of nanomedicines to the tumor site, thus reducing the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In addition, nanomedicines are more efficient in crossing the BBB, which makes them an ideal option for CNS malignancy treatment. For an expanding class of anti-cancer drugs, the use of lipid-, polymer-, or metal-based nanocarriers provides a cutting-edge drug delivery strategy. The nanocarrier surface is made to have an active ligand-binding structure that may be altered to target certain cancer cells, such as an antibody or a cancer cell marker. Nanomedicines are used to treat cancer by targeting specific cancer cells with drug-loaded nanocarriers. These nanocarriers have an active surface that binds to a specific target, making it possible to deliver drugs to the right place in the body.Primary CNS lymphomas, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, and ependymoma were recently targeted by easily absorbed nanocarriers.