The review on management of cervical cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijtos.v3i3.79Keywords:
Cervical cancer, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Chemoradiation, precision Oncology, ImmunotheraphyAbstract
Cervical cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, notably HPV-16 and HPV-18, is the primary etiological factor, leading to molecular and cellular alterations that drive malignant transformation. Additional risk factors include immunosuppressant, early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and genetic susceptibility. Early-stage disease is often asymptomatic, emphasizing the importance of regular screening through Pap smears, HPV DNA testing, or visual inspection with acetic acid. Common clinical manifestations include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, urinary and gastrointestinal symptoms, and systemic features such as fatigue and weight loss in advanced cases. Strategies for management vary depending on the stage. The main treatment for early-stage cervical cancer is surgery, such as radical hysterectomy or fertility-sparing operations, sometimes in conjunction with adjuvant chemoradiation. Concurrent chemo radiation is used to treat locally advanced illness, usually with regimens based on cisplatin. Systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy—including immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic drugs-may be necessary for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer. In addition to early identification through screening programs, prevention through HPV vaccine, safe sexual practices, and lifestyle adjustment is still crucial. The future of precision oncology in cervical cancer is represented by emerging treatments such therapeutic vaccines, targeted medicines, and customized genetic techniques. To lower the burden of disease and enhance patient survival and quality of life worldwide, a multidisciplinary strategy incorporating prevention, early diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up is crucial.
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